Family Essay

1. Depict 5 distinct kinds of familiesA family is a gathering of individuals living in a family unit together either by reason of marriage, blood connection or reception. Families are the explanation behind making today’s society. This is on the grounds that in a family, individuals are made and brought into the world, thought about, and given the right apparatuses to get by in life.There are five distinct kinds of families, which are as follows:I. Family unit: The family unit is a family that comprises of a mother, father, and their youngster/kids. Much of the time, the guardians in a family unit are hitched. An elective name for a family unit is a basic family.II. More distant family: The more distant family grows more extensive than the family unit. This is on the grounds that it comprises of grandparents, aunties, uncles, and cousins living either close by or in the equivalent household.III. Single Parent: A solitary parent is the point at which a parent lives without thei r life partner, leaving them with the greater part of the obligations to bring up the youngster/kids all alone. A solitary parent is generally viewed as the essential individual who deals with the youngster. Now and again because of separations or partition, the kid lives with their essential parent, yet is given the benefits of visiting the home of their noncustodial parent, which means the parent who doesn't have total care over their youngster. For this situation, the noncustodial parent is well on the way to be the dad of the kid. Single child rearing has been brought about by numerous reasons in today’s society, which include:Death of a partner.Child abuse.Neglect.Divorce.Adoption, when the new parent doesn't have an accomplice/spouse.IV. Mixed Family: A mixed family or some of the time called a â€Å"step family† is a relationship when the two life partners have been hitched previously and have remarried once more, which once in a while lead to a kid being brough t into the marriage from the past relationship.V. Non-permanent Family: Foster intends to help somebody growâ and create. A temporary family is two grown-ups that deal with at least one kids that have a place with different guardians. This activity is normally called adoption.2. What are the rights and duties of family members?A right is something that individuals are qualified for. A duty is the chance to work autonomously and settle on your own choices without being determined what to do. Being a piece of a family forces rights and obligations on every relative that must be paid attention to. The general rights and duties of relatives are basically to take care of the house and to deal with one another. The obligations of the guardians are very critical.This is on the grounds that a parent should take care of, dress, cover, teach and give a sheltered and happy with living condition for their youngster/kids. The privileges of guardians are to associate with their spirits mates par ticularly through intense occasions when they need somebody to converse with. In general, guardians ought to give friendship to one another. Thus, youngsters likewise have duties, which incorporate playing out the tasks that their folks offer them to do.These errands can incorporate cleaning, helping with cooking and caring for more youthful kin or other relatives. Youngsters additionally have the duty to be deferential and loyal to their folks. The privilege of a youngster is to have the option to demand a few things that can be significant to them from their folks. Maybe above all, the joint obligations and privileges of all relatives are to guarantee that the house is a sheltered and adoring environment.3. How does social weight influence the family?Social Pressures are the joined weights that encompass people during regular day to day existence. Instances of social weight are Peer Pressure, and Academic Pressures. Social Pressures can be befuddling and upsetting. In spite of the strain, these are basic weights that families are ordinarily confronted with, particularly in the teenaged life. Social weight influences the family supposing that not appropriately oversaw, it can make relatives settle on poor decisions, which can prompt the family breaking separated, somebody being detracted from the family, or in a most dire outcome imaginable, death.Social pressure with its enormous effect, now and then lead relatives into consuming medications attempting to alleviate their pressure. Social weight can pave the way to death in different events. This explanation is caused for the most part in light of the weight that is put on an individual, compelling them into taking hazardous medicine or hanging themselves which prompts passing. Numerous individuals go to medications or liquor to calm themselves from pressure. Other social weight that individuals are influenced by is joblessness or a general absence of finances.In this case it can drive a relative to begin tak ing and submitting theft in endeavor to accommodate their relatives. This can influence the family since it for the most part prompts individual being remanded to jail for quite a while. Detainment of a parent consequently causes the dynahousehold to turn into a solitary parent family and When it goes to the relatives attempting to fix their issues with liquor or medications, this can ordinarily pave the way to addictions.In reference from minister Philip Stubs, he expresses that social weight influences a nuclear family fundamentally by method of replacing the family time that is basic for the idea of the nuclear family. The opposition with the family time, from different get-togethers, activities or conditions brings about individual relatives picking to decrease their association with their family and rather contributing their time, cash, and enthusiastic vitality in cultural occasions, coming about the nuclear family being end of the week. †4. Separation has been one of th e reasons for the adjustment in the Bahamian family Structure. Do you concur or oppose this idea? Offer motivations to help you answer.Before addressing this inquiry it is first and most significant that we comprehend what is separate. â€Å"Therefore what God has combined, let no man isolated. †(Mark 10:4) â€Å"Now to the wedded, yet not I but rather the Lord: A spouse isn't to leave from her significant other. Be that as it may, regardless of whether she withdraws, let her stay unmarried or be accommodated to her better half. What's more, a spouse isn't to separate from his significant other. † (1 Corinthians 7:10-11). In the â€Å"Oxford Student’s Dictionary,† a separation is the legitimate closure of a marriage. An online word reference, â€Å"Datasegment. com,† alludes to a separation as a lawful disintegration of a marriage contract by a court or other body having skilled authority.I concur, separate has been one of the reasons for the adj ustment in the Bahamian family structure. I at that point addressed Pastor Stubs on his perspective on the inquiry. Minister hits concurred too, he expressed that â€Å"Of course the Bahamian family structure has additionally been characterized by single guardians who have never been hitched. While many single guardians keep on driving superb families, the best model for a family is the one wherein a wedded man and lady cooperate as a group and lead the family and family.I then addressed ministers from my congregation, Abundant Life Church where Pastor O’Neil Russel alongside Pastor Gil. gave their view about the inquiry. They excessively concurred with the announcement. The ministers said that â€Å" Indeed, separate has been one of the significant reasons for the adjustment in the Bahamian family structure. As a country, the Bahamas has been established upon scriptural standards. The scriptural model for the family is for a couple to be living respectively in a genuine ma rriage which, thus, produces youngsters which should be raised in the dread and advice of the Lord.However, when a separation happens there is a disorting of what the family structure should resemble. The structure is distinctive when a couple are not living respectively and this structure produces issues in the homes with the youngsters just as with society overall. In the Bahamas, there have been numerous separations and thus the essential family structure is inadequate in capacity and viability with regards to our society.5. How much does the adjustment in the Bahamian family structure lead to the numerous social issues in our general public todayIt is critical to see first that each family makes up today’s society. The adjustment in the Bahamian family structure is exceptionally liable for the numerous social sick in our nation say’s minister Gil. This is particularly the situation with regards to youngsters. A large portion of the social issues in our general publ ic are being dedicated by youngsters. These youngsters don't have any feeling of personality, heading, or reason in life.When the young fellows choose to partake in crime, it generally winds up in to a family losing a friend or family member. In the Bahamian culture today, numerous occupants whine about the men who are doing the wrongdoing not being raised appropriately in their homes. The explanation being for that issue is a result of the way that there is no dad figure in the hose hold. This is the activity for their dads. At the point when a dad doesn't satisfy his duty in the lives of his youngsters, he causes issues with their identity.They are not given the order, love, acknowledgment, and bearing that God has assigned the dad to acquaint with them and in this manner they go to different indecencies or people to the weakness of their lives. The admission of this inquiry from Rev. Philip Stubbs was extremely straight forward to the inquiry also too. Fire up. Stubbs said that à ¢â‚¬Å" In our general public the family is the most fundamental unit. It is through the family that people are mingle, that is to learn social aptitudes so they may be appropriately arranged to work well in society.The tragic lessened familial circumstance had straightforwardly brought about numerous social issues in our general public. These issues incorporate low scholastic execution, infringement of the nation’s laws, low degrees of desire and long haul arranging among youngsters. † In my sentiment, the social issues are mama

Conflict Resolution Bedtime Stories English Literature Essay

Compromise Bedtime Stories English Literature Essay In this story, it tells how much youngsters are guiltless and are anything but difficult to confide in others by disclosing to them the real certainties which may even get them into huge difficulties. The one biggest clash in this story is that believing a more peculiar who solicits a great deal from data from the little red riding hood and her being uninformed of the risks, telling the outsider about the data being inquired. In this manner, it tells how individuals ought not simply trust any individual who attempts to be too decent when they really they will likely uncover their ideal data and realities. In any case, the facts demonstrate that having such clashes and confiding in others is unavoidable. Consequently, it must be drilled and gradually become accustomed to comprehending these sorts of contentions. Individuals in struggle seek after objectives and furthermore thinks about what every individual does, and who they are in relationship to one another during the cooperation. The little red riding hoods objective was simply to proceed to give the food, being asked by her mom to the grandma who is wiped out and lives in the forested areas. She was by one way or another utilizing the community oriented objective when replying back to the wolf who was getting some information about her. It was straightforward and an unmistakable objective, however it was not for the wolf whose objective was not the same as the young ladies. Its aim was to get however many data as could be expected under the circumstances it can get and to attempt to proceed to eat the old woman in the forested areas and even attempt to gobble the young lady up as well. Accordingly, we can see that when we run over a wide range of individuals, they all accompany their own various objectives and so as to accomplish the different objectives they get things done and find various approaches to increase anything they desire. The don't attempt to offer approach to other people and have a go at unde rstanding others which may prompt narrow-mindedness. They additionally attempt to pick up power and in some cases the most remarkable conduct is to give off an impression of being ready to acknowledge yet in addition oppose, or even act in a harmless way. There are various sorts of intensity, to be specific; reward power, discipline, genuine, allure and master. The individual who is in struggle and the style of tackling it would vary from that of who isn't engaged with it, since the styles create over a lifetime based encounters. The young lady in this story ought to rather pardon the wolf for being this cleverness since it has just occurred and nobody can really rewind the past and change whatever it has occurred. Also, pardoning is anything but an indication of shortcoming as well and requires development, which causes an individual to move from the circumstance and even forget about it. For this situation, it additionally welcomes the compromise procedure to restore the participa tion and a feeling of concordance. In the event that the young lady didn't confide in a more odd like the wolf, this would not have made the pointless threat her grandma, and her and the tracker to show up in the image to have helped them. Top 2: Three Little Pigs In the narrative of the three little pigs, the contentions are that the enormous awful wolfs outlook of attempting to devastate the little pigs and gobble them up. As all the contentions are around two issues; force and confidence, the enormous awful wolfs goal is to pick up power by attempting to show others that he is conceivable of obliterating whatever he needs to. Likewise, so as to get a more elevated level of confidence for him by doing such things. Force in accustoming connections isn't limited; it is a far reaching product. Force is something that doesn't remain consistent and something that continues evolving. The more you attempt to get away, overlook and detest against somebody, the less force you are to appear upon or have with that individual. Cooperation is additionally quite often conceivable so as to illuminate a contention and the mistaken assumptions among the two gatherings or more. The enthusiasm of the scalawag was to show the little pigs what he is able to do a nd how much force he has by blowing the houses that the little pigs have fabricated. From my perspective, demonstrating power was the primary wellspring of goal from the wolf as opposed to its appetite and enthusiasm of gobbling up the little pigs. This story gives the kids an exercise to consistently be in amicability, joined together and be ready constantly to conquer the startling threats and that one should attempt over and over until you prevail without considering surrendering. Also, to make an alternate closure from the given story, the little pigs could have assembled the house in blocks from the absolute first time they were cut down or overwhelmed by the wolf to keep from being in peril over and over. Top 3: Pinocchio From the story Pinocchio by the Walt Disney, the little youngsters could learn it is awful to go around and lie which carry no advantage to self and just cuts ones own picture down. From what I can believe is the contention with Pinocchio and the storyline is that the contention inside himself and concealing what he really is as opposed to coming clean, he may likewise fear being decided by individuals of him being made of wood and furthermore the longing to turn into a genuine person, travel around all he needs and join a manikin appear. For Pinocchio to change into an ordinary individual, much the same as us all, he is required to demonstrate that he is a bold and a kid who is honest and doesn't lie, yet what he really doing was lying around when he goes all alone. He realizes that he must be honest to individuals for him to turn out to be completely person, yet that was not what he was doing. Along these lines, it doesn't assist him with achieving his objective of turning into a person. The arrangements become inclear and even unrecognized on the off chance that one doesn't have the foggiest idea what they need, which implies that the main clear objectives can be accomplished. Clear objectives can likewise be modified considerably more effectively rather the hazy objectives and the reasonable objectives are arrived at more regularly than the muddled or obscure objectives. And furthermore, individuals frequently make challenges by deduction on their own that their objectives can never be accomplished and will in gen eral imagine that the other party will hinder them. From the five kinds of intensity, Pinocchio appears to have been in discipline since his dad, who made him as a manikin from wood was gulped by a whale, as he was the person who was misleading individuals. The contention styles are additionally structured reactions, or even a gathering of styles of conduct that individuals use in struggle. Also, strategies are the moves made by individuals and their distinction which draws out their general methodology. Top 4: Jack and the Beanstalk From this account of Jack, who gave his dairy animals in return of five seeds that would develop and turn into a tall tail of beans figures out how to get an incredible arrangement which has its own time and catch for when finally. Hence, it additionally advises or passes on a message to individuals that one ought not be excessively eager and stress a lot over something that won't occur any soon. Stressing or being restless over things not just removes your present valuable minutes, it likewise empties your vitality out of reasoning and agonizing over superfluous things. The contention that Jack has is that he must fear the beast and make an effort not to be gotten by that monster, and then again, he needs to get all the wealth from the monstrosities house as well, which has a brilliant harp and furthermore a chicken which can lay brilliant eggs. Jack appears to have been in urgent requirement for all these rich things with the end goal for him to get away and escape his poor and messy way of life. He likewise needs to deal with the contention well to have the option to get all the things he needs from the monstrosities house. Powerful peace making is one part of relational treatment, which additionally is an all around investigated guiding method for managing despondency. Individuals in struggle might be frightful, angry, irate, sad or even pushed. It is suddenly ordinary and common for individuals who are in struggle to have contradictions. In any case, for Jack, who was attempting to get the important things from the monster needed to oversee hims elf. Likewise, strife exists at whatever point inconsistent exercises happen an activity which forestalls, impedes, meddles with, harms, or here and there makes goals more uncertain or less compelling. In any case, at long last, what makes a difference the most is the impression of the individual who is in or to be in strife and the methods of understanding things from with an improved point of view. Objectives are additionally seen as incongruent normally on the grounds that the gatherings need either very similar things or extraordinary. Individuals normally will in general take part in struggle over objectives that are imperative to them. They would not so much consideration about these objectives in the event that they had no worries, interests, or significance to them. Nobody really thinks about something that doesn't intrigue or bores them. This story couldn't end better regardless of whether it were to be given another closure, since it has indicated the kids that Jack was brilliant enough to make sure to slice the bean tail to keep the beast from having the option to tail him. Top 5: Cinderella Cinderella is a notable fantasy from the Walt Disney since the time quite a while back. It has gotten one of the most astonishing and intriguing story that kids long to watch, tune in to, or be presented to. From this eminent fantasy of youngsters, the Cinderella; each and every individual who has viewed, seen or caught wind of this fantasy realizes that she was really being raised with one stepmother who does nothing but bad to her and just gives her tough situations, treats her unreasonably, menaces her for so often, and makes her life considerably progressively hopeless and harder in spite of the reality of remaining with only a stepmother as well as two different girls of hers. Those two little girls of her stepmother don't do any great to her as well and everything they do or wish is for her to vanish from their lives and menaces her to the degree of being not able even to clarify what she has been experiencing and how she feels about herself to have an actual existence where sh e has been bolted up like a house cleaner or worker to the stepmother and the two sisters. The contention between these two sisters and the stepmother was that of being not able to see some others being superior to them or bei

Finding Privately Funded Scholarships Essay Samples

Finding Privately Funded Scholarships Essay SamplesFinding privately funded scholarships essay samples is not hard to do. The most important thing to know when searching for these samples is that they are online, so if you think the content you find is not what you need, you can search again until you find the ones that match your needs.Using the internet to find these privately funded scholarships essay samples is one of the best ways to go about it. Some of the best essay samples on the internet are free to use, which makes it so that you do not have to pay anything.All that you will have to do is create an account with the website you want to find these privately funded scholarships essay samples on and use their search function to look for essay samples in the area of the topic you are looking for. If the search function shows you a huge list of topics you may want to take a little time to read the 'About' section and find out more information about how this website operates.You may find that there are sections that help test your writing skills. This is another way to narrow down the topic you want to write about, making it easier to find a privately funded scholarship essay sample that meets your needs.The other way to find the privately funded scholarships essay samples you are looking for is to join the online discussion boards of these private funding websites. Many of them have threads where the members can submit topics of discussion to keep the discussion board fresh and interesting.These private funding websites allow anyone to post a topic of discussion, and you are encouraged to share your thoughts on any topic that has come up on the forum. This is another way to help you find the privately funded scholarships essay samples you need.Many of these private funding websites have forums for users to participatein and participate in discussions about specific topics of interest. These topics are voted on by other users and these topics are posted on the forum.Forums are a great way to learn more about the private funding websites and their benefits to students. In addition, the forum members can help you find the privately funded scholarships essay samples you need and give you tips on how to make your work more effective.

Obesity Epidemic in America - 568 Words

Being overweight, eating poorly, and not exercising are becoming an epidemic in America, especially among college students. Most of the research on it states the same things, however the first research article I found speaks more to the behavior and its current affects on college students’ health. A slew of doctors and Jesse S. Morrell wrote an article about â€Å"Risk Factors Among College Men and Women† in relationship to obesity. The opening of this article stated that â€Å"an estimated 300,000 deaths each year are attributable to obesity†¦ and young adults have experienced dramatic increases in obesity rates,† (Morrell, 2012, pg. 82). This statistic is what really got the research going and helped the researchers focus specifically on college-aged individuals. Upon diving into their research, the authors found more alarming statistics and related diseases. This included a recognizable relationship between obesity in young people and chronic diseas e risk, especially diabetes and cardiovascular disease (Morrell, 2012, pg. 82). In fact, CVD was the second leading cause of death in the US in that college-age group showing that our generation is at a greater risk for health problems than ever before due to our lack of exercise and healthy diets. Researchers then took to college campuses to examine students and their habits and provide risk assessments to promote healthier lifestyles and hopefully decrease the probability of CVD and DM through the metabolic syndrome system,Show MoreRelatedObesity Epidemic in America1748 Words   |  7 PagesUnited States of America is the fattest country in the world. Obesity in America has reach epidemic proportions. Obesity and weight gain has become major concern of public health in the United States. In every state, at least twenty percent of adults are obese, and in twelve of these states the obesity rate is above thirty percent. Mississippi currently holds the highest rate of obesity with 34.9 percent of its residents being obese. On the contrary, Colorado has the lowest rate of obesity with 20.7 percentRead MoreThe Obesity Epidemic in America749 Words   |  3 Pagesbreaking out known as the Obesity epidemic. For the first time in history, it is possible for the children of this generation to have a lower life expectancy than their parents. Millions of Americans are exposed to ads that are luring them into eating the cheap, fast food of billion dollar companies such as McDonald’s. Obesity has established itself as the fastest growing disease in the nation and continues to make an impact on the general population. 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Statistics show that without a doubt the United States isRead MoreEssay on The Obesity Epidemic in America2147 Words   |  9 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Obesity and being overweight are problems in America that are continuing to exacerbate each and everyday.   According to Jan Simmonds, being a few pounds above an individuals ideal weight is considered overweight; while obesity is being more than twenty percent above an individuals ideal weight (3).   Ideal weight is a number based on ones height and body frame.   TeensHealth states, Obese people are very overweight and at risk for serious health problems (1).   Obesity is life threateningRead MoreThe Child Obesity Epidemic in America1089 Words   |  4 PagesChildhood obesity is a major cause for concern within the United States. This is mainly due to children not getting the require nutrition that they need. Although study show that there is a decrease in obesity in children, it still remains at an all-time high. 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In the article, â€Å"Don’t Blame the Eater† David ZinczenkoRead MoreThe Obesity Epidemic in America Essay example1060 Words   |  5 PagesObesity does not discriminate against social status, sex, or race; it can take a person’s life and turn it upside down in the blink of an eye if they are not careful. Some people think of obesity as a worldwide killer because there is no outrunning it if it overtakes a person’s body. Every 1 in 3 adults are obese right here in America, that should give each and every individual some type of hint that there is a major p roblem occurring. The obesity epidemic is not something that has just caught theRead MoreThe Obesity Epidemic in America Essay examples3918 Words   |  16 Pages In this research paper we will be looking at the topic of obesity and the social ramifications that it holds. We will first look at obesity in a broad way. Then we will focus on obesity and its effects on children. And finally, obesity and adulthood will be covered. The topic of obesity is important to the field of sociology because obese people make up a significant portion of the world’s population. In addition, the manner in which obese people are treated has a significant effect on societyRead MoreChildhood Obesity : An Epidemic That Is Sweeping Through America1127 Words   |  5 PagesChildhood obesity is an epidemic that is sweeping through America. The key to understanding the threshold for the term obesity is to know the clinical definition. Obesity and overweight are two terms that are intermittently misused. Overweight is clinically defined as the excess body fat one has in terms to their height, muscle, bone, or in a combination of all factors (Childhood Obesity Facts). Obesity is simply the concept of having excess body fat (Childhood Obesity Facts). Adult obesity is theRead MoreObesity : An Epidemic Rate Among The People Of America1385 Words   |  6 Pages Opinionated Obesity Obesity in America is a constant issue that seems to be on the rise and it is has been rising at an epidemic rate among the people of America. When you think of health you don’t necessarily thing of bellies and thighs rubbing together but why not? Is there a possibility of being a healthy and obese person? Who set the standard for what is too much and for what isn’t? And what makes this so wrong? I have done extensive amounts of research on the topic and I am here to question

Biography of Betsy Ross, American Icon

Betsy Ross (January 1, 1752–January 30, 1836) was a colonial seamstress who is usually credited with creating the first American flag. During the American Revolution, Ross made flags for the navy. After her death, she became a model of patriotism and a key figure in the legend of early American history. Fast Facts Known For: According to legend, Betsy Ross made the first American flag in 1776.Also known As: Elizabeth Griscom Ross, Elizabeth Ashburn, Elizabeth ClaypooleBorn: January 1, 1752 in Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaParents: Samuel and Rebecca James GriscomDied: January 30, 1836 in Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaSpouse(s): John Ross (m. 1773-1776), Joseph Ashburn (m. 1777–1782), John Claypoole (m. 1783–1817)Children: Harriet Claypoole, Clarissa Sidney Claypoole, Jane Claypoole, Aucilla Ashburn, Susannah Claypoole, Elizabeth Ashburn Claypoole, Rachel Claypoole Early Life Betsy Ross was born Elizabeth Griscom in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on January 1, 1752. Her parents were Samuel and Rebecca James Griscom. Ross was the great-granddaughter of a carpenter, Andrew Griscom, who had arrived in New Jersey in 1680 from England. As a youth, Ross likely attended Quaker schools and learned needlework there and at home. When she married John Ross, an Anglican, in 1773, she was expelled from the Friends Meeting for marrying outside the meeting. She eventually joined the Free Quakers, or Fighting Quakers, who did not adhere strictly to the historic pacifism of the sect. The Free Quakers supported the American colonists in their struggle against the British crown. Ross and her husband began an upholstery business together, drawing on her needlework skills. John was killed in January 1776 on militia duty when gunpowder exploded at the Philadelphia waterfront. After his death, Ross acquired property and kept up the upholstery business, making flags for the Pennsylvania Navy and tents, blankets, and other materials for the Continental Army. The Story of the First Flag According to legend, Ross made the first American flag in 1776 after a visit in June from George Washington, Robert Morris, and her husbands uncle, George Ross. She demonstrated to them how to cut a five-pointed star with a single clip of the  scissors if the fabric were folded correctly. This story was not told until 1870 by Rosss grandson William Canby, and even he claimed that it was a story that needed confirmation (a few other seamstresses from that era also claimed to have made the first American flag). Most scholars agree that it was likely not Ross who made the first flag, though she was a flagmaker who, according to historian Marla Miller, was paid in 1777 by the Pennsylvania State Navy Board for making Ships [sic] Colours, c. After Rosss grandson told his story of her involvement with the first flag, it quickly became legend. First published in Harpers Monthly in 1873, the story was included in many school textbooks by the mid-1880s. The story became popular for several reasons. For one, changes in womens lives, and social recognition of such changes, made discovering a founding mother to stand alongside the founding fathers attractive to the American imagination. Betsy Ross was not only a widow making her own way in life with her young child—she was twice widowed during the  American Revolution—but she was also earning a living in the traditionally female occupation of a seamstress. (Notice that her abilities to buy and manage land never made it into her legend, and are ignored in many biographies.) Another factor in the Ross legend was growing patriotic fever connected with the American flag. This required a tale that was more than just a business transaction, such as the (plausible but disputed) story of Francis Hopkinson, who allegedly created the stars-and-stripes design for the flag along with the design for the first U.S. coin. Finally, the growing advertising industry made the image of a woman with a flag popular and used it to sell a variety of products (even flags). Second and Third Marriages In 1777, Ross married sailor Joseph Ashburn, who had the misfortune of being on a ship captured by the British in 1781. He died in prison the following year. In 1783, Ross married again. This time her husband was John Claypoole, who had been in prison with Joseph Ashburn and who had met Ross when he delivered Josephs farewells to her. She spent the following decades, with help from her daughter Clarissa, making flags and banners for various departments of the U.S. government. In 1817, her husband died after a long illness and Ross soon retired from work to live with her daughter Susanna on a farm outside of Philadelphia. During the final years of her life, Ross went blind, though she continued to attend Quaker meetings. Death Betsy Ross died on January 30, 1836, at the age of 84. She was reburied in the Free Quaker Burying Ground in 1857. In 1975, the remains were moved once again and reinterred on the grounds of the Betsy Ross House in Philadelphia. Legacy After her death, Ross became a prominent character in the story of Americas founding while many other stories of womens involvement in the American Revolution were forgotten or ignored. Like Johnny Appleseed and Paul Bunyan, she is now one of the countrys most prominent folk heroes. Today, a tour of Betsy Rosss home in Philadelphia (there is some doubt about its authenticity, too) is a must-see when visiting historical sites. The home, established with the aid of 2 million 10-cent contributions by American schoolchildren, is a unique and informative place. One can begin to see what home life was like for families in the early colonial era and remember the disruption and inconvenience, even tragedy, that war brought to women as well as to men during the American Revolution. Even if she did not make the first American flag, Ross was still an example of what many women of her time found as the reality in times of war: widowhood, single motherhood, independently managing household and property, and quick remarriage for economic reasons. As such, she is emblematic of this unique period of American history. Sources Glass, Andrew. â€Å"Congress Redesigns U.S. Flag, April 4, 1818.† Politico, 4 Apr. 2017.Leepson, Marc. Flag: an American Biography. Thomas Dunne Books, 2006.Miller, Marla R. Betsy Ross and the Making of America. St. Martins Griffin, 2011.

Essay on Breaking Down the Barriers to Feminist Art Work

Breaking Down the Barriers to Feminist Art Work Every time a girl reads a womanless history she learns she is worth less. While studying art history in Pre-Industrial Visual Cultures this semester, one theme has become painfully obvious. There are few if any women artists included in the study of art history. If you dig deep into the books you can find mention of many unknown, unrecognized and often times very talented women artists from the past. Women in history are simply not recognized, and this is due to a large extent to their exclusion from the art world. My paper chooses to focus on a few female artists of the sixties and seventies who sought to make up for past history and ensure women were known. These women†¦show more content†¦Her most famous piece is entitled à ¬The Dinner Partyà ® and in this she sets a large table with 39 place settings for women from the past. Along with this there are hundreds of other names and these include past women artists including Artemisia Gentileschi and Mary Cassatt. The purpose of this piece was to show how many women from history are unrec ognized and forgotten. These women have made lasting and powerful contributions to our society and yet they are essentially left out of history and overshadowed by their male counterparts. This was especially true in art history, and Chicago attempted to show how important it was that females have a place in history. Therefore the exclusion of women from history, had a profound impact on Chicago and greatly impacted her art making. The Dinner Partyà ® utilizes female sexual imagery to further establish a female presence in the work. The plates for à ¬The Dinner Partyà ® clearly depict vaginal imagery. Chicago termed this imagery central core imagery and she attempted to invent a new female language. Chicago in an interview with Lucy Lippard says that, à ¬if women make art differently from men, it means that women are actually independent from menà ® (Lippard, 228). Her work was trying to eradicate the negative stereotypes people had about females and establish the importance of women both in the past and present. This work sought to repair some of the damage suffered from the exclusionShow MoreRelatedThe Artist Is Present : Challenging Performance And Cultural Politics1506 Words   |  7 PagesAmbramović’s concept of performance art interrogates the traditional forms and practices of what most people would consider to be the â€Å"norm†, that derive from personal preferences gene rated from different aspects of society. Abramović is known for her durational performance work that tests the endurance and limitations of her own body and mind. 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Protection of Child and Vulnerable Persons for Down Syndrome

Question: Discuss about theProtection of Child and Vulnerable Persons for Down Syndrome. Answer: Indicators that coursed concern From the case study above, there is several point of concerns, one of the concern about Leo is that, he has a problem known as the Down syndrome. Down syndrome refers to a state in a person, where an individual is born with additional complementing chromosome ( 11 Facts about Down syndrome | DoSomething.org | Volunteer for Social Change"). Secondly, Leo despite his health status, Leo still has no one to take of him and his roommate during the night and that why, they have joined a bad company at the club. The greatest point of concern in this case is that, Leo has ended up interacting with strangers and they are using him to conduct their businesses in the name of paying him after the service. This case has a social effects on people living with such disabilities (Young?Southward, Philo,. and Cooper, 2017) Thirdly, Leo has engaged himself in a business that he has no knowledge about it. In this case, Leo is being used by friends to run their business by asking him to deliver products that he does not know what they are at all. The big question here remains, what business exactly is being transacted by this people Leo call them friends. Lastly, Leo has ended up not listening to those who are providing support to him against this unknown business he is doing during the day on behalf of the friends who he just mate in a night club. Individual living with Down syndrome have an issue in taking care of themselves, and looking at the case of Leo and his friend, they have been staying by themselves during the night, which is not right because, individual suffering from Down syndrome are not able to take of themselves. From that case, there is a relationship between the inability of self-care and decision making. This is a clear indication that, Leo has no capacity at all to make decision on his own (Reed, and Berrier, 2017). According to the cognitive symptoms of Down syndrome, it very clear that, a person living with this kind of syndrome suffers from; below average intelligence, such individual are not very good from differentiating good from bad and doing the right thing. Secondly, they have cognitive impairment, where such individuals are not able to judge situation in the right manner (Horvath, Garagnani, Bacalini, Pirazzini, Salvioli, Gentilini, Di Blasio, Giuliani, Tung, Vinters, and Franceschi, 2015). Thirdly, slowed learning, such individual take long to establish what is right and what is wrong. Adult with Down syndrome should be supported in the right way to understand their rights just like any other normal person. This to allow and give them the opportunity to make decisions and take control of their life and everything they engage in. independence amongst this people living with such syndrome should be encouraged. In so doing this people with such syndrome will be encouraged to do things their own way. Like Leo who has not heed to the advice of those taking care of him, they should allow him to make is own decision through guiding before withdrawing their support. A point of concern from this case is that, despite Mrs. B being at his old age, she is been living alone all along except on the rare few visitation from the daughter who is actually about 50 miles away from home and the help receives form her neighbors. Secondly, Mrs. B is at now not able to support herself after the fall and she now need to be taken care of. This is a point of concern because Mrs. B is now not able to walk by herself and at the same time she is living alone without anybody to look after every day. Thirdly, Mrs. B has not been assessed by a social worker who could have been helpful to her all this time she has been living alone. Lastly, she doesnt want to be taken to the nursing home. Instead she wants to be taken back to her home. According to the research conducted by psychologists on Theoretical perspectives on cognitive aging and effects of aging, there is a positive relation that exists between aging and a declining cognitive functioning (Salthouse, 2016). But this does not mean that, there is significant poor decision making. However, aging in the process can affect decision making in a more complex manner. In this case therefore, Mrs. B has the capacity to make decision on her own either to choose to be taken to the nursing home or to be taken to her home. Therefore, she should be allowed to make her own decision, since, in any case that they force her to be taken to the nursing home might be more risky as this may lead to psychological distress because of the unfamiliar environment, unwillingness from herself and the fact that she is not well. Other conditions that have raised concern in this case is that, Mrs. B does not like idea of being taken to a nursing home as suggested. Nursing home has its own advantages and disadvantages. ("Advantages Disadvantages of Nursing Homes Aging in Place,) This therefore raise more concern as to, if she be allowed to be taken home, who will be taking care of her at home and also as to whose decision will be final given that her daughter supports fully the decision of her being taken to the nursing home to be taken care of there. In such a scenario, there are measures that can be taken into consideration. First, as there has never been any assessment done by the social worker, it is therefore important to fast approach this case by invite a social worker to come and asses her and other planning that might be required (Parker, 2017). In the case that, the social worker approve to be legible to be offered care through social work programs of taking care of the old then her decision will st and. On the other hand, in the case were the social worker has not approved to be considered into their program and the home taken care off, there will be the need to employ someone to take care of her so safe her from the uncomfortability and psychological distress that will result from being taken to the nursing home contrary to her decision (Weissman, Pratt, Miller. and Parker, 2015). What indicators cause concern? Susi has a moderate learning disability. The uniqueness of support service education is that, all the students with disabilities in learning have the tendency to show a notable developmental delay. These scholars may show impaired improvement and studying capability in line with ordinary literacy, putting across information (communication), illiteracy in numeracy, movement and individual development. Moderate learning disability exposes Susi to conditions such as not being able to concentrate for long, autism, physical, hearing or visual impairments. She might also experience emotional disturbance and communication skill difficulties (Messent, Cooke, and Long, 2016). Susi has a wide range of coping strategies developed over the years. Coping is a process where by an individual constantly changes in behavior as an effort to meet specific demands ("Assessment of Coping Strategies and Their Associations with Health Related Quality of Life in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure: the Brief COPE Restructured"). Coping strategies should be accessed on the basis of their effectiveness. Through coping Susi has been able to live with her problems instead of seeking medical attention. Susi has been married twice. Her spouse passed on, she married again but was divorced She could be struggling with loneliness (Van, 2012). Her only child who could provide her company is under permanent care with no contact. Susi grew up in a dysfunctional family, According to a research conducted. Healthy, midrange, and severely dysfunctional families, Beavers, W. R. (2012), family play roles such as making the future of the children; they are our society, stay with you in all situations and celebrate your happiness. Susis family didnt play didnt play any of these roles, It was dysfunctional. Her family lived locally but instead of protecting her, the older men of the family abused her sexually. This has made her tolerant to violence and accepts unwanted sexual relationships. Her poor grooming has made her to live in self-denial, that is why she has been sending pictures of herself online in order to fit in and feel accepted. With susis case, i dont think she has the capacity to make decisions on her own because Susis behavior is out of frustrations resulting from her past predicaments. She has developed coping strategies; she is actually surviving and not living her life. Her past was marked with horrific experiences; sexual abuse by her male family members and neglect. She sends pictures of herself to strangers online. Other concern is that, Susi could be having psychological problems; she should see a psychiatric urgently. She needs counseling in order to heal from her past experiences; her abusers should be arrested by the police and questioned. Id advice that her support worker visits her more often instead of just few times a week since she needs company and someone to talk to. She should be allowed to have contact with her child to share problems with her, give and receive love. Bibliography 11 Facts About Down Syndrome | DoSomething.org | Volunteer for Social Change. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.dosomething.org/us/facts/11-facts-about-down-syndrome Advantages Disadvantages of Nursing Homes | Aging in Place. Retrieved from https://www.ameriglide.com/advantages-disadvantages-nursing-homes.htm Assessment of Coping Strategies and Their Associations With Health Related Quality of Life in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure: the Brief COPE Restructured. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5295536/ Beavers, W. R. (2012). Healthy, midrange, and severely dysfunctional families. In F. Walsh, Guilford family therapy series. Normal family processes (pp. 45-66). New York, NY, US: Guilford Press. Horvath, S., Garagnani, P., Bacalini, M.G., Pirazzini, C., Salvioli, S., Gentilini, D., Di Blasio, A.M., Giuliani, C., Tung, S., Vinters, H.V. and Franceschi, C., 2015. Accelerated epigenetic aging in Down syndrome. Aging cell, 14(3), pp.491-495. Messent, P.R., Cooke, C.B. and Long, J., 2016. Daily physical activity in adults with mild and moderate learning disabilities: Is there enough?. Disability and Rehabilitation, 20(11), pp.424-427. Parker, J., 2017. Social work practice: Assessment, planning, intervention and review. Learning Matters. Reed, A.R. and Berrier, K.L., 2017. A qualitative study of factors influencing decision-making after prenatal diagnosis of Down syndrome. Journal of genetic counseling, 26(4), pp.814-828. Salthouse, T.A., 2016. Theoretical perspectives on cognitive aging. Psychology Press. Van Den Hoonaard, D. K. (2002). Attitudes of older widows and widowers in New Brunswick, Canada towards new partnerships. Ageing International, 27(4), 79-92. Weissman, J.S., Pratt, L.A., Miller, E.A. and Parker, J.D., 2015. Serious Psychological Distress Among Adults, United States, 2009-2013. US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Young?Southward, G., Philo, C. and Cooper, S.A., 2017. What Effect Does Transition Have on Health and Well?being in Young People with Intellectual Disabilities? A Systematic Review. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 30(5), pp.805-823.

Tomorrows leader term paper free essay sample

How to become an effective leader? Perhaps you may have to possess at least one of the attributes. In this paper, interpersonal communication would be discussed and elaborated. Interpersonal communication has a great deal of definitions. It is defined as an interactive face-to-face process between two people, in which one’s personal characteristics, relationship with another and social status can be reflected (Hartley, 1993). However, on the other hand, some experts express interpersonal communication as a process, which gives everyone an equal opportunity to influence one another, under the situation that everyone endeavors to sway the others (Emmert, 1984). From the above two definitions, we know that interpersonal communication requires the existence of two or more people in the same space while the social roles is not important in the process yet it can be delivered to others via the conversation. Besides that, the relationship between the deliverer and the receiver can be reflected through the way of expressing idea or even enhanced by dialogue. We will write a custom essay sample on Tomorrows leader term paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page How is the concept of social roles permeated through the speech? For instance, when followers are speaking to their bosses, they will speak politely; they will mind their wording; and they will address him deferentially. From another aspect, when bosses are giving an order or admonishing subordinates, they will also speak in a courteous manner too to show their respect towards the subordinates whereas their intonation would be sometimes agitated. By listening to the intonation throughout the communication, the social roles of the recipient and the deliverer can be figured out. There are also a massive number of theories regarding interpersonal communication and they are divided into three areas: individually centered theories, interaction centered theories and relationship centered theories (Bylund, Peterson and Cameron, 2012). They are Goals-Plans-Action Theory, Uncertainty Reduction Theory, Uncertainty Management Theory, Action Assembly Theory, Communication Accommodation Theory, Facework and Politeness Theory, Speech Codes Theory, Social Penetration Theory and Communication Privacy Management Theory. For the Social Penetration Theory, it teaches us how to make friends in the first meeting and even make a relationship evolve. When we first meet a stranger, whom we may like to make friends with, we will communicate and exchange information through bilateral appearance such as height, dressing style. Even more, when we begin to talk with the strangers, we would like to ask them something like their hobbies, favorites amongst others. Indeed, in the orientation stage, we will begin speaking with cliche and continue the topic with some questions that aim to understand the target more, not too shallow but not too deep either. If a person intends to talk something about one’s privacy, the receiving party may marvel the deliverer and thus the stages stated in the Social Penetration Theory cannot be demonstrated. This theory implies that the four stages expressed must happen one by one and no one should intend to interrupt the original developing pace of a relationship. Besides that, Social Penetration Theory consists of breadth (quantity of theme conferred) and depth (how private is the information delivered). In fact, it is unnecessary for elements, breadth and depth, to appear in the conversations at the same time. It depends on the relationship between the speech giver and the listener. For friends, it is fine only the breadth exists, on the other hand, for couples and married couples, it is ordinary that only depth exists. Among couples, the quality of the conversation is far more significant than the quantity as the purpose of communication between couples is to get acquainted with each other and increase the understanding of others on the habits, fears and other private information. The depth and the breadth of the topics discussed among people can show the relationship between one another and even the social roles of both recipients and message sender. It is because when one with a higher social role is communicating with one of a lower social role, their discussion topic would be widely spread but not in deep discussion. Furthermore, a boss will never tell the subordinates something that is private. How is the interpersonal communication related to leadership? To begin with, we must know how a leadership is established. Undeniably, a leadership must exist in an area with two or more people so that the leader can join forces. Yet, the leader should have a good communication skill in order to influence how the disciples think. To conclude, a good leader must have a good interpersonal communication skill. A successful leader will always deliver messages and listen to the followers for their need so that both parties are influencing each other. Through interpersonal communication, the boss can build up prestige through giving speech while the workers can strike for better working condition and return by bargaining with their boss. Besides that, through listening to the needs of the followers, the boss can show his respect to the subordinates and thus the followers would also show respect to the leaders. Part B: I was diagnosed as an Asperger Syndrome child when I was in the age of 6. Generally, a child with Asperger Syndrome will have a bit similar to autism; they will be by no means good at communicating with others and have a poor interpersonal relationship with others in the society. When I was in the primary school, I did not get a lot of or even no friends at all because I was not good at communicating with others. I remembered that when someone asked me some academic knowledge, I always shouted at my classmates and laughed at them for the reason that they were silly. As a result, they began to leave me alone and I did not make any friends in my primary school life. It is not only happened in my school life, it happened in my family life too. When I was answering my dad’s or mum’s questions, I used to answer them with an impolite tone that seem to be thinking that my dad and mum is annoying, which always made them feel angry. As mentioned in some articles, facial expression is a kind of non-verbal communication, in which I am especially weak at. I was not good at observing their facial expression and I continued to be happy and giggling, which further make them wrathful. Since I was not good at speculating their faces, I always create a nervous atmosphere in the daily life. Later on, my mum had consulted the doctor and began to teach me different types of communication skills. Firstly, my mum taught me to observe people’s facial expression via giving me different kinds of dramas and through some practices. As time passes, I start to know when to stop my smiling face and ridiculing speech so as to stop further conflicts between me and my father. Secondly, since I have mentioned I treat my classmates rudely, I had no friends in my primary school. To rectify this issue, my mum had decided to let me learn taking care of others’ feelings in the conversation as communication is irreversible that we cannot delete the expressed thoughts and feelings. After several years, when I grew up into a high school boy, I have learnt that we have to always think twice before we decide to speak up. Now, I am always aware of my own words; I always remind myself not to hurt the others. Therefore, nowadays when I am talking to my classmates, especially girls, I would be careful not to use disrespectful words and not to say something that will let someone down or make them sad. Thirdly, I am also bad at organizing my communication’s message so my friends and parents can hardly follow my thoughts and speech. Therefore, I begin to speak more and write more, trying to introduce my purpose of giving a speech in the first to second sentences of the whole conversation. In the past, my classmates always told me that they did not understand what I was talking whereas in the present time, my classmates still somehow ask me when they do not follow what I am speaking. Yet the number of times that they have asked me such a question has been reduced. It means my classmates find it easier to follow me since I have improved my organization and I have first planned how to say before I voice. To add up, I have lots of friends now and we usually keep in touch with one another by holding a gathering dinner. When we are discussing with one another in the Whatsapp group about places for dinner, I have suggested a restaurant that I would like to go whereas other friends have listed out other restaurants. In order to make them change the venue of the reunion dinner, I have used refined way of speaking to persuade my friends patiently. Eventually, they have accepted my request and went to the restaurant that I suggested. To a large extent, I think I have possessed the attribute, interpersonal communication. It is because I learn to take care of others’ feelings, looking at others’ facial expressions to see whether they are angry, sad or happy, followed by speaking suitable sentences. Besides that, I have learnt to respect others and use polite and dignified language instead of the rude one. Furthermore, I have learnt to recognize my purpose of speech before I voice and I can show that I am influencing the others through communication.

Free Essays on New Englanders

The Nicer New Englanders The New England and Chesapeake regions were different because of religious, social, and ethical reasons. The standards of living for both parties were very different and their beliefs were very different also. The towns were different and composed of many different types of people. The regions differed in religious beliefs from being a part of government to not really concerning themselves in religion. The New England region was very religious opposed from the unreligious Chesapeake region. Document A shows that the people on board the Arbella prayed and turned to God to help them in the new land. The New Englanders felt looked up upon and that God would show them the right way and everyone would follow the belief with them. Document D shows that the people wanted to set up a faithful minister to lead the town of Springfield, Massachusetts in the way of God. Document H shows that Bacon was animated with Governor Berkeley because he was stealing money from the people. Governor Berkeley could not be a strict religious follower if he stole money and lied about it. The New England region socially was different from the Chesapeake region because of the diversity of the types of people that make up each region. Document C shows that many of the New Englanders were young males. There were only few women making the males more aggressive and wanting to fight more. The lack of females also shows that the region was not trying to settle the area but to find gold and return to England. Document F shows that a murder occurred when an insignificant argument broke out about a ships course leading to the death of Captain Kendall. It also shows that the New Englanders did not plain the trip very well and their main goal was to search for gold in America. The people decided to search instead of plant crops, hunt, and prepare for the harsh winter ahead of them. Document B shows that the Chesapeake regi... Free Essays on New Englanders Free Essays on New Englanders The Nicer New Englanders The New England and Chesapeake regions were different because of religious, social, and ethical reasons. The standards of living for both parties were very different and their beliefs were very different also. The towns were different and composed of many different types of people. The regions differed in religious beliefs from being a part of government to not really concerning themselves in religion. The New England region was very religious opposed from the unreligious Chesapeake region. Document A shows that the people on board the Arbella prayed and turned to God to help them in the new land. The New Englanders felt looked up upon and that God would show them the right way and everyone would follow the belief with them. Document D shows that the people wanted to set up a faithful minister to lead the town of Springfield, Massachusetts in the way of God. Document H shows that Bacon was animated with Governor Berkeley because he was stealing money from the people. Governor Berkeley could not be a strict religious follower if he stole money and lied about it. The New England region socially was different from the Chesapeake region because of the diversity of the types of people that make up each region. Document C shows that many of the New Englanders were young males. There were only few women making the males more aggressive and wanting to fight more. The lack of females also shows that the region was not trying to settle the area but to find gold and return to England. Document F shows that a murder occurred when an insignificant argument broke out about a ships course leading to the death of Captain Kendall. It also shows that the New Englanders did not plain the trip very well and their main goal was to search for gold in America. The people decided to search instead of plant crops, hunt, and prepare for the harsh winter ahead of them. Document B shows that the Chesapeake regi...

First new york subway Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

First new york subway - Research Paper Example The lessons in design, planning and implementation that attended the project continue to offer practical wisdom for city planners and urban architects alike. More importantly, the infrastructure of the subway proves to be a cultural melting pot for a nation that is constantly evolving its identity. The NYC subway was commissioned to be built by the Rapid Transit Construction Company. Privately owned, the company spun off an exclusive branch (Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT)), for overseeing the operations of the construction. Moreover, the stakeholders in the company applied and won the contract to operate the railway line upon its construction. The grand scale of the project warranted that the IRT publish a book in 1904 highlighting the features of the just-completed project. Considering the numerous hurdles and hiccups the project successfully overcame, the company showcased its achievement in the large-format book with plenty of photographs and in a appealing layout. The book is now rightly considered a colletor’s item, not only for the momentous occasion it marked but also for the rich detail it contained. For example, the book included the reasons and considerations behind certain decisions taken during the planning and design stage. As well, it contained d etails of particular problems and their resolutions during the implementation stage. Further, much of the content was serialized in a reputed trade journal in the lead up to the inauguration of the subway. This was meant to serve two objectives: to educate the general public about the upcoming utility and also to generate excitement and anticipation of its launch. (Interborough Rapid Transit, 2004, p. 1) It is not surprising that the NYC subway project elicited lots of excitement among the general public upon its initial announcement. The subway employees were looked upon as noble public servants and the IRT motormen were celebrated as heroes. The train engine was a

Anything a high school girl would write Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Anything a high school girl would write - Essay Example I reported the act to the authorities so that action could be taken against the wrongdoers. The incident took place after a few months of the beginning of my high school. The victim was a very sweet boy from our class. He was very shy but he was always ready to help everyone. During one of my free periods, I noticed in the corridor that this boy was surrounded by many students of the senior classes. He was standing there and could not do anything. They were slapping him and taunting him for no reason. They snatched his glasses and walked from there laughing. I was watching everything and I did not understand that what I should do. I knew it that my reporting of the incident would result in problems for me as the seniors would also turn against me. I thought for a while and I understood that it was my duty to stand by what was right irrespective of the consequences. I immediately went to the coordinator to report of the incident. The coordinator took a prompt action. She called all the students involved in the act and she issued warning letters to these students. She also called their parents and the matter was forwarded to the principal. Strong action was taken against the students and they were suspended from school. The student who was bullied was not seen in school for many days but he joined in after a few days and he was very quiet and stayed alone. The coordinator arranged counseling sessions for him to overcome the effects that the bullying had left on him. He started to improve and was good again. This incident taught me an important thing that a person should always stand by what is right and should not worry about the consequences. A person should help people who are in need. Furthermore, programs for ending this act of bullying should be designed for assisting students and for the maintenance of a healthy educational environment. This is because the years of school are important for everyone and such unhealthy incidents serve to

Growing Up in s Christian Family

Growing Up in s Christian Family Being raised up in a spiritually oriented family has its mix of blessings and curses. The blessings are certainly the security and stability of a family whose foundation is strongly well planted in the Word of God. The curses are the problems that come as a result of being swept along the river of the faith of the parents. I am writing this paper with intentions of highlighting the readers with these problems in mind. As one deal with considering the faith of the pre-adolescent children from within the congregation or from the family prospective, one ought to ask the question, When are children ready to make the faith commitment of their life? Therefore, before I draw my ideas from other various sources, I would like to start with a personal experience of a friend of mind whom I came to know during my basic combat training in Fort Jackson, South Carolina, and whom we are stationed together in Camp Robinson, North Little Rock. Andrew is chaplain assistance for my army unit and my close battle buddy whom I thought would be a best candidate to interview for my research paper. Based on his responses to my curiosity about his spiritual life, he informed me that his family was deeply involved in the life of the church way before he was born. His father was a church leader. Among his best friends, was the son of the church chairman and another was the pastors son. According to Andrew, he spent much of his time with his friends both at the church and at each others homes. Each of their parents played a role in their formative years. This was our extended family. We were more like cousins than friends, for each of our natural extended families were hundreds of miles away, he said with a serious look on his face. He went further by saying that they were no different from the other kids, but evidently the bond that they had, held them closer to the influence of the church. So, when it came to making a decision for Christ, there really was no decision, he said. In the case of Andrew, one is left to believe they had no other choice other than go with the flow. So, as early as the age of five, the three of the best friends would respond to the request of their childrens chapel teacher and prayed that Jesus would come into their hearts without having a firm cognitive sense of their prayers. Was there a change in their lives? No, they were simply following the natural order of events for children in the church. Furthermore, Andrew stated that when they were twelve, after several years later, their Sunday school class met in the pastors study for baptism and membership class. Again, expectations dictated that by this time in their lives it was time to take this step. So, one Sunday evening the three friends, along with others in their class, stepped into the water and were baptized. Were we demonstrating to the world that we were now dead in our sins and transformed into new life in Christ? he wondered. No, we were following the sequence of events of all the church kids that went before us. It was a right of passage into the next level of life in the church. Were we forced or coerced into doing this? No, we desired to take these steps because it was the proper thing to do. Andrew confessed that as he grew in his understanding and faith, he came to resent both the actions of the church and home. He perceived the events as irresponsible and meaningless. He felt that he had been misled and was given a false sense of his position in Christ. I concluded that I was not saved during those early years and I objected to the practice of child evangelism, he protested. This state of hostility toward his church lasted for about three years during his late teens as he struggled with his own identity and his relationship with God. Now, Andrew is a married man and Chaplain assistance in the military unit. His wife and he are planning to have children in the nearest future. Therefore, in light of his own spiritual development he is left to wonder how he would measure a childs spiritual readiness or more explicitly, how would he know when a child is ready to make a decision for Christ and for baptism? It is with this question that every parents out there should bear in mind when considering spiritual formation of their preadolescence children. Another point one would want to put extra emphasis on is the psychological development theory. Those of us who went through adolescent stage and the parents who work or live with adolescents know first-hand that they are at once impossible to live with and a joy to have around. They are moody, critical, combative, and absent-minded; they are also creative, energetic, and impassioned about the world and their place in it. However, research on pre-adolescents development has shown clearly that the surface behaviors of early adolescents provide poor clues as to what is really going on inside them, in their minds and souls. The common perception of students in middle schools is that they are constantly in storm and stress, peer driven, rebellious toward adults, moody, uncommunicative and unpredictable. Unfortunately, these views are popular myths and have resulted in generations of misunderstanding and inappropriate attention to the needs of 10 to 14 years old. Early adolescents are rarely perceived as being deeply thinking, caring and valuing individuals who are greatly influenced by loving adults. They are in the final stages of developing the character and personality that will distinguish them as adults; difficult, serious and personal questions and inquiries into the meaning of life and death are very important, for they play a crucial role in their faith development. In his theory of cognitive development (Table 1), Jean Piaget put forth the intellectual counterpart of biological adaptation to the environment. He said that as we adapt biologically to our environment, so too we adapt intellectually. Through assimilation, accommodation and rejection, the external world is organized and given structure. Adaptation begins at birth with the exercise of sensory-motor reflexes. Differentiations via reflexes are the first adaptations that are of eventual importance in cognitive development. As the child develops, the adaptations he makes are increasingly less related to sensory and motor behaviors alone, and may be less clearly seen as adaptations by the untrained eye. Each successive stage is built upon the one before in an accumulating, orderly, sequential and hierarchical manner. Yet the cognitive structures are developed in an invariant sequence. That is, the course of cognitive development, marked by the development of structures, is the same for all children, although the ages at which they attain particular structures may vary with intelligence and the social environment (Piaget and Inhelder, 1969, p. 153). Erik Erikson, in his theory of psychosocial stages (Table 2), similarly stated that an individuals personality develops according to predefined steps that are maturationally set. Society is structured in a way that invites and encourages the challenges that arise at these particular times. Each stage presents the individual with a crisis. If a particular crisis is handled well, the outcome is positive. If it is not handled well, the outcome is negative. The resolution of each stage lays the foundation for negotiating the challenges of the next. Lawrence Kohlberg views the development of morality in terms of moral reasoning (Table 3). The stage of moral reasoning at which people can be placed depends upon the reasoning behind their decisions, not the decisions themselves. He believes that the stages are sequential and that people do not skip stages, although they enter and leave them at varying times. Implications on Spiritual Development Using Piagetian, Eriksonian and Kolbergian theory, James Fowler set out to explain the process of spiritual development in his description of several stages that occur in the development of faith in a persons lifetime (Table 4). He called the stage of most pre-adolescents to be mythic-literal faith. This stage is consistent with Piagets concrete operational stage and Eriksons industry vs. inferiority stage. It is at this stage that children develop their sense of position relative to others in the peer group by mastering the academic and social skills. Their individuality is defined by their position in the group. They become less egocentric and begin to understand complex concepts like conservation. The child still has difficulty though with abstract terms such as freedom and liberty. Children at this stage understand the world on a basic concrete level. Fowler states that most adolescents are at synthetic-conventional faith. This stage correlates to Eriksons identity vs. role confusion stage and a more mature level of Piagets concrete operational stage. They develop a sense of who they are and where they belong. A strong emphasis is placed on being part of the group. There is an even more intense need for conformity and the approval of the community. Their identification and expression of faith are an extension of their family, their church and their peers. During childhood, religious beliefs and behaviors are greatly influenced by ones parents. Children tend to imitate their parents beliefs and behaviors. In adolescence, however, there is a change and a questioning of many of these religious beliefs. David deVaus looked at the importance of parental influence in relation to religious values and behavior in Australian teenagers. The results showed that, at least for religious activity (behavior), both parents and peers were about equal in importance. However, when asked who had been most influential in development of their religious feelings, the most common answer was the mother (51 percent), followed by father (42 percent). According to Fowler it is not until a child reaches the next stage, individuative-reflective faith, that individuals begin to assume personal responsibility for their own commitments, life-styles, or beliefs. As this takes place, adolescents are forced to address unavoidable tensions between the person they want to be and what others expect of them. This stage is associated with Eriksons intimacy vs. isolation and the beginning level of Piagets formal operational stage when children begin to develop close interpersonal relationships, showing a willingness to commit to others. They begin to develop the ability to test hypotheses in a mature, scientific manner and can understand and communicate their positions on complex ethical issues that demand an ability to use the abstract. They can think about thinking that is they become aware of the processes where by they come to hold a particular opinion. They begin to own the beliefs they hold. They are becoming adults. Understanding the Implications and the Dangers A girls body can begin to take on the shape and features of a woman. She can speak with the sophistication associated with adolescence or even adulthood. Social and legal arrangements can permit new freedoms simply because a person reaches a certain age. But until the evolution of meaning becomes interpersonal, there is a very real sense in which the person is not yet an adolescent. If those around her should mistake physiology, calendar age, or verbal ability for psychological age and expect her to function inter-personally, they create a situation which is dangerous for the developing teenager. In his discussion on the dangers of applying developmental theory to spiritual growth, John Ackerman states that we can make three grave mistakes. First, we may have a tendency to rank individuals according to their development. Second, we may think that because we have labeled them, we know them. Third, we may take the groupings and define an absolute relationship between psychological and spiritual growth. We need to know where people are developmentally, but the focus is on God, in the persons perception of God. (Ackerman, 1994, p. 111) I will venture to say that most churches, mine included, proceed with the expectation that chronological age defines spiritual readiness with respect to issues such as faith commitment and baptism. Within the structure of our institutions we have rituals that are performed, with some regularity, with children entering puberty. The Jewish Bar Mitzvah, Catholic and Lutheran Confirmation, and Baptist and Brethren Baptism are examples of ordinances that the church observes when children have reached their pre-teen years. Tradition dictates that at this age a child is ready to begin the transition to adulthood. They need to begin taking the faith they have been taught since infancy and make it their own. But are our children really ready for such a step? Do they really understand the steps they are taking? The most common argument I hear in favor of child conversion are based on verses like the following: At that time Jesus said, I praise you, Father, Lord of heaven and earth, because you have hidden these things from the wise and learned, and revealed them to little children. Matt 11:25. And he said: I tell you the truth, unless you change and become like little children, you will never enter the kingdom of heaven. Matt 18:3. Jesus said, Let the little children come to me, and do not hinder them, for the kingdom of heaven belongs to such as these. Matt 19:14. Reasoning that God accepts the faith of a child, parents and teachers do their best to help the child to make these life decisions. But unfortunately, in the well-intentioned adults attempt to hurry up and save the children from eternal damnation, they have misunderstood the concept Jesus was teaching. Taken in their proper context we see that Jesus teachings were pointing not to the childish faith as being the characteristic he was seeking, but to the humility and trust of a child as being the characteristic he was seeking in his followers. This teaching is not for the children but for the adults to follow. At that time the disciples came to Jesus and asked, Who is the greatest in the kingdom of heaven? He called a little child and had him stand among them. And he said: I tell you the truth, unless you change and become like little children, you will never enter the kingdom of heaven. Therefore, whoever humbles himself like this child is the greatest in the kingdom of heaven. And whoever welcomes a little child like this in my name welcomes me. But if anyone causes one of these little ones who believe in me to sin, it would be better for him to have a large millstone hung around his neck and to be drowned in the depths of the sea. Matt 18:1-6 In each case, where Jesus speaks of the faith of a child he is using this attitude to offset the tendency for his followers to become proud and self-sufficient. One needs to see how helpless we really are without God and how our faith must grow out of ones trust rather than ones achievements. So how then do one assess childrens readiness to make these life changing decisions? One needs to consider each child as an individual and measure their spiritual readiness based upon their understanding of who God is and what he has done for them. Faith is a response to a need and if the child does not perceive the reality of the need then there cannot be true faith. Measuring Spiritual Readiness During a recent Texas Baptist evangelism conference held in Fort Worth, leaders of a Bring the Children to Jesus workshop said Children should come to Jesus just like grown-ups freely. Parents should neither push them into premature professions of faith nor neglect their spiritual nurture. Teach parents that they have a responsibility to God in the stewardship of their childrens spiritual development, said Karen Cavin, minister of childhood education at Mimosa Lane Baptist Church, Mesquite, Texas, who led the workshop with Wayne Shuffield Jr., pastor of Royal Haven Baptist Church, Dallas, and co-author of Bring the Children to Jesus, a resource published by the Baptist General Convention of Texas evangelism division. The gospel plan of salvation can be explained in terms an older child a fourth-, fifth- or sixth-grader can easily understand, they noted. Realize children think in literal terms, so avoid figurative language, they suggested. Shuffield and Cavin advised parents and church leaders to look for signs of readiness in children such as: Questions. Listen carefully to a childs questions about spiritual matters. If the child is asking who the guy was that climbed the sycamore tree, hes probably just asking for factual information about Zaccheus, Shuffield said. Just because you know the verse follows about the Son of Man coming to seek and save that which was lost, dont assume the child is making that leap. On the other hand, if a child begins to ask serious questions about sin, death and eternity, that could be a sign the Holy Spirit is drawing the child. Explore the level of interest and understanding by asking probing, open-ended questions, not queries that could be answered yes or no. Focus. Watch for a child who suddenly becomes focused on religious instruction. Unusual attentiveness in Sunday school or during worship could be a signal a child is ready to make a faith commitment. Behavioral changes. Anything from a sudden interest in Bible-reading to expressions of guilt over wrongdoing at home could mean God is working in a childs heart. Shuffield said that while some young children genuinely are converted, that is the exception, not the rule. Pastors, teachers and parents can help young children by distinguishing between the natural desire of a child to express love for Jesus and the life-changing decision of receiving him as Lord and Savior. At another workshop, Childrens Church A New Way, leaders suggested a combination of small-group sessions, self-guided activities and large-group time for childrens worship. Life development pastor Charlie McAllister and childrens worship leader Karen Lewis from the Houston-area Fellowship of The Woodlands said they incorporate lively music with a lot of hand motions, drama and secular videos with spiritual applications into their Adventure Zone childrens church service. We make it fun for the kids, Lewis said. Kids tell their parents, I want to go back to that church where they sing, dance and have donut holes.' We try not to make it like school, McAllister said. We want it to be fun. We involve the kids in worship. Our goal is to raise up a generation of worshipers. Kids learn by doing. Theres no altar call and no scare tactics. We let the Holy Spirit convict. In conclusion, taking the information presented by developmental psychology one might conclude that pre-adolescent children are simply not capable of making a decision for Christ. Maturely[ speaking, they have not developed the cognitive tools they need to come to this decision. Their thinking processes are still governed by mythical, literal understanding of their environment. They are more interested in fitting into the group than making individual decisions. But this conclusion would be flawed. Indeed, John Ackerman states that most adults within the church would possibly fall into this same category. Rather, when we look more closely at the evidence we come to the conclusion that there is no magical age at which a child suddenly becomes able to understand spiritual matters. It seems quite clear that the only way to assess the spiritual readiness of a child is on an individual basis. And the real problem exists not with the children but the adults who are trying to teach them. In our sometimes over-zealous attempts to bring children to a decision for Christ we forget what that decision is. First, it is the job of the Holy Spirit to convict the heart of the individual, to open their eyes to the truth, to help them understand the eternal significance of the decision. Only God knows when the time is right but we can watch for the signs to know when to open the Word to these children. Second, tradition and ritual can be quite meaningful in helping us define our relationship with God, but it cannot create that relationship. Only through teaching and discipleship can a child begin to define his or her own relationship with God. It is through good biblical teaching that the child will understand why he needs the relationship and through godly Christian modeling that the child will understand how he develops that relationship. In many ways our traditions have made it so much easier to deal with issues pertaining to the spiritual development of children. They define the quantifiable standard and make the decision easy. They excuse us from the difficult job of working closely with each individual, to assess his or her specific spiritual needs. But in order to achieve the desired result a life-changing decision for Christ we must break free from our tradition and begin working to develop the spirituality of children in the only way that is truly effective individually. Table 1 COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT PIAGET A. Four Factors Determining Development 1) Maturation the gradual unfolding of the genetic plan for life. 2) Experience the active interation of the child with the environment. 3) Social Transmission the information and customs that are transmitted from parents and other people in the childs environment. 4) Process of Equalibration the process by which the child seeks a balance between what they know and what they are experiencing. When thay are faced with information that calls for a new and different analysis or activity, children enter a state of disequalibrium. When this occurs, they must change the way they deal with the information and establish a new, more stable state of equalibrium. B. Concepts and Processes 1) Scheme a method of dealing with the environment that can be generalized to many situations. 2) Adaptation can be understood in terms of adjustment. As the forces in the environment change, so must the individuals ability to deal with them. Adaptation involves two complementary processes: a) Assimilation In this process, input is filtered or modified to fit already existing structures. When we assimilate something, we alter the form of the incoming stimulus to adapt it to our already established actions or structures. b) Accomodation The process that involves modifying internal existing schemes to meet the requirements of the new experience. When we accommodate, we create a new scheme or modify old ones. C. Cognitive Development Stages 1) Sensorimotor Stage Birth to about Two years. Infants progress through their world using senses and motor activity. The develop object permanence, the understanding that objects and people do not disappear merely because they are out of sight. Their abilities are limited by an inability to use language or symbols to communicate. Intelligence during this stage involves organized systems or schemes of actions and behaviors that become increasingly complex and coordinated. 2) Preoperational Stage Age Two to Ten Children can use on thing to represent another. They can use language to go beyond their own direct experience. But their understanding of the world is still limited. They oftem believe that inanimate objects have a life of their own. They are egocentric, believing that everyone sees a situation the wat they do. Preschoolers do not understand conservation, the idea of something remaining the same despite changes in appearance. 3) Concrete Operational Stage Age Ten to Fifteen Children progress through this stage where many of the preoperational deficiencies are slowly overcome. Children begome less egocentric and begin to understand conservation. The child still has difficulty though with abstract terms such as freedom and liberty. Children in this stage understand the world only on a concrete level. 4) Formal Operational Stage Adolescence to Adulthood Children entering this stage now develop the ability to test hypotheses in a mature, scientific manner and can understand and communicate their positions on complex ethical issues that demand an ability to use the abstract. They can think about thinking that is they become aware of the processes where by they come to hold a particular opinion. Table 2 PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY ERIKSON A. Eight Psychosocial Stages 1) Trust vs. Mistrust The positive outcome of the stage of infancy is a sense of trust. If children are cared for in a warm, caring manner, they are apt to trust the environment and develop a feeling that they live among friends. If the parents are anxious, angry or incapable of meeting a childs needs, the child may develop a sense of mistrust. Trust is the cornerstone of the childs attitude toward life. 2) Autonomy vs. Shame or Doubt Toddlers are no longer completely dependent on adults. They practice new physical skills and develop a sense of autonomy. If they are not allowed to do the things they can do or are forced to do things they are not ready for, they may develop a sense of doubt and shame about their own abilities and fail to develop self-confidence. If encouraged to do what they can for themselves, they are helped to acquire a sense of autonomy. 3) Initiative vs. Guilt At age four or five, children begin to formulate plans and carry it through. If encouraged to form their own ideas, the child will develop a sense of initiative. If punished for expressing their own plans, the child develops a sense of guilt, which leads to fear and a lack of assertiveness. 4) Industry vs. Inferiority During middle childhood, children must learn the academic skills of reading, writing and math, as well as social skills. If they succeed in acquiring these skills and if their accomplishments are valued by others, the child develops a sense of industry. If they are constantly compared to others and come up a distinct second, they may develop a sense of inferiority. 5) Identity vs. Role Confusion During adolescence, children must decide their own vocational and personal future. They develop a sense of who they are and where they belong. The child who develops a strong sense of identity formulates a satisfying plan and gains a sense of security. Those who do not develop this sense of identity may develop role confusion, a sense of aimlessness and being adrift without an anchor or plan. 6) Intimacy vs. Isolation The positive outcome of the psychosocial crisis of young adults, involving development of close interpersonal relationships, most often typified by marriage. The negative outcome of this stage is the unwillingness or inability to commit to others. 7) Generativity vs. Stagnation The positive outcome of the psychosocial crisis of middle age involves giving of oneself and ones talents to others. It is primarily concerned with establishing and guiding the next generation, investing something of oneself in the future. The negative outcome of this stage involves absorption in ones own personal needs and an inability or unwillingness to give to others. 8) Integrity vs. Despair The positive outcome of this last stage involves the realization that ones life has been worthwhile. After a life time of facing challenges and problems, they can look back on a productive life. Mature adults have a different perspective on life and see their lives as having a purpose. People who see only missed opportunities may become bitter and depressed. Table 3 STAGES OF MORAL REASONING KOHLBERG A. Preconventional Level The child is responsive to cultural rules and labels of good and bad, right and wrong, but interprets these either in terms of the physical or hedonistic consequences of action( punishment, reward, exchange favors) or in terms of the physical power of those who enunciate the rules. The level is divided into two stages: Stage 1: Punishment and obedience orientation. The physical consequences of action determine its goodness or badness regardless of the meaning or value of these consequences. Avoidance of punishment and unquestioning deference to power are valued in their own right, not in terms of respect for an underlying moral order. Stage 2: Instrumental relativist orientation. Right action is that which instrumentally satisfies ones own needs and occasionally the needs of others. Human relations are viewed in terms of the marketplace. Fairness, reciprocity, and equal sharing are present, but are always interpreted in a physical, pragmatic way. Reciprocity is a matter of you scratch my back and Ill scratch yours, not of loyalty, gratitude, or justice. B. Conventional Level Maintaining the expectations of the individuals family, group, or nation is perceived as valuable in its own right, regardless of consequences. The attitude is not only one of conformity to personal expectations and social order but also of loyalty to it, of actively maintaining, supporting, and justifying it, of identifying with persons or group involved in it. This level has two stages: Stage 3: Interpersonal concordance or good boy / nice girl orientation. Good behavior is that which pleases or helps others and is approved by them. There is much conformity to stereotypical images of what is majority or natural behavior. Behavior is frequently judged by intention he means well becomes important for the first time. One earns approval by being nice. Stage 4: Law and order orientation Orientation is toward authority, fixed rules, and the maintenance of the social order. Right behavior consists of doing ones duty, showing respect for authority, maintaining the social order for its own sake. C. Postconventional, Autonomous, or Principled Level The person makes a clear effort to define moral values and principles that have validity and application apart from the authority of the groups or persons holding these principles, and apart from the individuals own identification with these groups. This level has two stages: Stage 5: Social-contact, legalistic orientation Generally with utilitarian overtones. Right action is defined in terms of general individual rights and standards that have been critically examined and agreed upon by society. The person is clearly aware of the relativism of values and opinions and so emphasizes procedural rule for reaching consensus. Aside from what is constitutionally and democratically agreed upon, right is a matter of personal values and opinions; emphasis is thus on the legal point of view, but with the possibility of changing law in terms of rational considerations of social utility rather than freezing law for the sake of social order. Outside the legal realm, free agreement and contract is the binding element. This is the official morality of the American government and Constitution. Stage 6: Universal ethical principle orientation Right is defined by the decision of conscience in accord with self-chosen ethical principles appealing to logical comprehensiveness, universality, and consistency. These principles are abstract and ethical; they are not concrete moral rules. At the heart, these are universal principles of justice of the reciprocity and equality of human rights and of respect for the dignity of human beings as individual persons. Table 4 STAGES OF FAITH DEVELOPMENT FOWLER Stages Description of Characteristics Pre Stage: Primal Faith * Undifferentiated faith (Infants to 2 years) * Embedded in reflexes, sensing, sensor motor skills Stage One: Intuitive-Projective Faith * Reflection of parental /family faith and religious traditions (Pre-school childr